Determination of CRP blood level in type 1 diabetic patients and the effect of aerobic and resistance training on the level of this biomarker.

BACKGROUND: Increasing prevalence of diabetes and its complications, including cardiovascular problems, increase the cost of health care. With proper planning to change lifestyle, like costs and complications of type 1 diabetes could be diminished. The present study investigated the effect of aerobic and resistance training on blood CRP level of type 1 diabetic patients as a protective marker on cardiovascular cells. METHODS: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 32 patients with type 1 diabetes were divided into two groups of aerobic and resistance exercise training. Serum CRP levels were measured in all patients before and after exercise. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney, Bootstrap and SPSS tests. RESULTS: In this study, for abnormal data, Bootstrap method was used, which created an acceptable confidence interval. And using analysis of variance to control the effect of CRP (interfering) level before and after exercise was not significant (P=0.37). CONCLUSION: Considering the relationship between exercise training with CRP level in type 1 diabetic patients specially in aerobic training group as well as CRP level according to the training program condition, it can be concluded that there is not effective relationship between this biomarker and exercise training in type 1 diabetic patients.

Effect of Sixteen Weeks Combined Training on FGF-23, Klotho, and Fetuin-A Levels in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis.

INTRODUCTION: Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) and its cofactor alfa klotho, are one of the most important factors, directly and indirectly, involved in the process of calcification and atherosclerosis. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a combination of regular exercise during dialysis on quality of life and markers including FGF-23, alfa klotho, and fetuin-A levels. METHODS: Forty-five hemodialysis patients aged 61 ± 9.02 years and weight 69 ± 11.25 kg were randomly divided into two training, EX (n = 24) and control groups, CON (n = 21). The EX group patients participated in a 16-week combined aerobic and resistance exercise program during dialysis. Bone markers including, FGF-23, klotho, fetuin-A, were measured before and at the end of the study in both groups. Statistical analysis for comparing data change during study by SPSS software and the P value was set at .05. RESULTS: In the control group in the secondary assessment, reduction in quality of life was observed (P < .05). Significant change in growth factor 23, CRP, and fetuin-A was not observed in exercise and control groups (P > .05), however significant rising of klotho was observed in treated patients (P < .05). Also, combined training reduced the amount of phosphorus, parathyroid hormone; significantly (P < .05). CONCLUSION: This study showed that regular exercise during dialysis improves quality of life and physical functions. No significant change in FGF-23 and CRP were observed during the study. However significant rising of klotho and reduction of iPTH and phosphorous levels were observed in treated patients.

Effects of interval training on cardio metabolic risk factors and nitric oxide in type 2 diabetes patients: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of interval training on cardio metabolic risk factors and nitric oxide in type 2 diabetes patients. METHOD: This single blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted at cardiology clinic of Rajaee hospital in Karaj. Thirty female patients with type 2 diabetes randomly assigned to interval training exercise (n = 15) and control (n = 15). In interval training exercise patients received interval training exercise with 18 sessions (three sessions per week). Each training session took 25 min and consists a single set of exercise with 10 time repetitions. Training was performed on a cycle ergometer set in constant watt mode at a pedal cadence of 80-100 revolutions/min. Each repetition of the training takes 60 s and there will be a 60 s recovery pried between each repetition. Each training session include a 3-min warm-up and 2-min cool-down at 50 W for a total of 25 min. Blood samples and of all the subjects were taken at baseline, 3 weeks after intervention and at the end of the study (6 weeks). RESULTS: In intervention group, comparing with controls participants, a significant decrease were observed in levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and HA1c after training program (p < 0.05). Moreover,exercise significantly increased the level of NOx (p < 0.05). Other cardiometabolic risk factors including SBP, DBP, FPG, LDL, HDL, insulin level, insulin resistance, HR, VO2 max, did not show significant differences between the two groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results of current study showed that interval training as a type of planned physical activity can be effective in lowering cardiovascular risk factors, especially lowering cholesterol and triglycerides, and can also have a beneficial effect on improving NO.

Improvements in soccer-specific fitness and exercise tolerance following 8 weeks of inspiratory muscle training in adolescent males.

BACKGROUND: Inspiratory muscle training has been shown to improve exercise performance, however there is limited evidence for its effectiveness in soccer players. This study investigates the effect of inspiratory muscle training on soccer-specific fitness and exercise tolerance in adolescent male players. METHODS: Thirty highly trained soccer players (16-19 y) were randomly assigned into one of three groups: experimental 1 (N.=10), experimental 2 (N.=10) and sham-control (sham, N.=10). All groups performed inspiratory muscle training twice per day and five times per week for 8 weeks. Experimental 1 performed 25-35 breaths at 55% maximal inspiratory pressure, experimental 2 performed 45-55 breaths at 40% maximal inspiratory pressure, whereas sham performed 30 breaths at 15% maximal inspiratory pressure. Measures before and after the intervention involved the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1, running-based anaerobic test, repeated high-intensity endurance test, maximal inspiratory pressure, and spirometry. RESULTS: Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1: distance increased for experimental groups 1 and 2 compared to sham (P=0.012 and P=0.031, respectively), with no difference between experimental groups. Fatigue index calculated from running-based anaerobic test improved for experimental groups 1 and 2 compared to sham (P=0.014 and P=0.011, respectively), with no difference between experimental groups. Exercise tolerance (i.e. blood lactate concentration, perceived exertion and perceived breathlessness) following the repeated high-intensity endurance test decreased in experimental groups 1 and 2 compared to sham (P <0.05), with no difference between experimental groups. Maximal inspiratory pressure increased for experimental groups 1 and 2 compared to sham (P=0.000), with no difference between experimental groups. There were no changes for the spirometry measures. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in soccer-specific fitness and exercise tolerance can be achieved using inspiratory muscle training protocols of varying intensities and volumes.

The immunomodulatory effects of fish-oil supplementation in elite paddlers: A pilot randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Physical exercise can induce imbalance of different cytokines by leading them towards an inflammatory and immunosuppressive milieu. Fish-oil (FO) supplementation may modulate the mentioned skewed balance following intense exercise. Therefore, we decided to investigate the effect of intense physical exercise and FO supplementation on cytokine production and helper T (Th) cell phenotype in male elite paddlers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Male elite paddlers consumed 6 g/day of either FO capsules (n=11) containing 3.6 g long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (1.2 g docosahexaenoic acid and 2.4 g eicosapentaenoic acid) or placebo capsules (n=11) for 4 weeks. The paddlers simultaneously undertook a program of increasing exercise. Blood samples were taken from all the subjects 48 h before and after the 4 weeks of supplementation. RESULTS: Our results show that while FO supplementation decreases the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1ß in the elite paddlers, it increases the production of IL-6. On the other hand, while there was no change in IL-4 secretion, the production of interferon (IFN)-γ was significantly decreased after 4 weeks FO consumption. We also showed that the production of IL-10 was significantly higher in the FO group compared to the placebo. Finally, we found that fish-oil consumption shifts the balance between Th cells towards Th2 phenotype during intensive exercise. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids during intense exercise can induce the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine networks that are associated with a reduced Th1/Th2 ratio in elite paddlers.

Effect of Strength Training and Short-term Detraining on Muscle Mass in Women Aged Over 50 Years Old.

BACKGROUND: The loss of muscle mass is associated with aging. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of resistance training and detraining on muscle mass in elderly women. METHODS: Twenty post-menopausal women aged ≥50 years old were enrolled. Matching for age, they were randomly assigned into control and resistance training group (RT). The intervention consisted of three sets of 10 repetitions for 10 movements with Thera-Band tubing (based on 80-100% 10-RM), three times a week, for 12 weeks and thereafter, four weeks detraining. Skinfold thickness was determined by caliper. Percentage of body fat was estimated from skinfold thickness (triceps and subscapular) by McArdle method. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were calculated. Range of motion for trunk flexion and extension was determined. RESULTS: During 12 weeks of intervention, significant increases were observed in 1-RM of biceps curl, FFM, trunk flexion and extension and significant decreases during four weeks detraining in RT group. The RT group demonstrated significant decreases during resistance training and increases during detraining in skinfold thickness. FFM, trunk flexion, and extension decreased and skinfold thickness, %FM, and weight of body fat increased in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Resistance training with Thera-Band enhanced strength and muscle endurance in elderly women and a 4-week detraining period had an adverse effect on muscle power. This suggests that a strength training program is an effective intervention to prevent functional reductions, and can contribute to improve neuromuscular function in older adults.